This is a list of firsts in gaming history , or list of gaming firsts , listing game concepts and genres by their first appearance. It includes board game firsts and electronic game firsts, the latter including video game firsts.
Tabletop/Board game firsts [ edit | edit source ]
The following table lists board game concepts and genres by their first appearance.
Electronic/Video game firsts [ edit | edit source ]
This is a list of electronic game firsts, which includes a list of firsts in video game history , or list of video game firsts .
The electronic games listed include video games (arcade , computer and console games), computer games (mainframe and personal computer games), and arcade games (electro-mechanical and video games).
The following tables list concepts related to electronic games, by their first appearance. The tables includes electronic games as well as related hardware.
Concept
Title
Year
Developer
Computer game
Computer Chess
1951
Dietrich Prinz
Video game
Computer Draughts
1952
Christopher Strachey
Linear game
Tennis For Two
1958
William Higinbotham
Electro-mechanical arcade game
Mini Drive [6]
1959
Kasco (Kenzou Furukawa )
Enemy
Periscope [7]
1965
Namco (Masaya Nakamura )
Character
Duck Hunt [8]
1968
SEGA (Hisashi Suzuki )
Score
Video projection arcade game
Duck Hunt [8]
1968
SEGA (Hisashi Suzuki )
Indy 500 [9] [6]
1969
Kasco (Kenzou Furukawa )
Player character (PC)
Gun Fight [10]
1969
SEGA (Hisashi Suzuki )
Cover system
Non-linear game
Jet Rocket [11]
1970
SEGA (Hisashi Suzuki )
Open world
Jet Rocket [11]
1970
SEGA (Hisashi Suzuki )
3D open world
Scrolling open world
Overworld
Scrolling overworld
Arcade video game
Computer Space
1971
Atari (Nolan Bushnell )
Commercial video game
Video game character
Playtron [12] [6]
1973
Kasco (Kenzou Furukawa )
Video game player character
Non-player character (NPC)
Health
Boss
Balloon Gun [13] [14]
1974
SEGA
Wild Gunman [15]
1974
Nintendo
Video game boss
Balloon Gun [13]
1974
SEGA
Cinematic game
Wild Gunman [15]
1974
Nintendo
Cutscene
Quick-time event (QTE)
Violence
Human character
Basketball [16]
1974
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )[17]
Wild Gunman [15]
1974
Nintendo
Human video game character
Basketball [16]
1974
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )[17]
Jump [18]
Video game enemy
Balloon Gun [13]
1974
SEGA
Difficulty levels
Speed Race
1974
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Difficulty curve
Space Invaders
1978
Destructible environment [19]
Western Gun
1975
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Video game cover system
Destructible cover
Multi-directional character
Non-linear video game
Violent video game
Open-world video game
Western Gun , Heiankyo Alien
1975, 1979
Taito (Nishikado ), University of Tokyo
Video game overworld
High score
Space Invaders
1978
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Procedural generation
Beneath Apple Manor
1978
Don Worth
Survival [20]
Space Invaders
1978
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Nostromo [21]
1981
Akira Takiguchi [22]
Video game cutscene
Space Invaders Part II
1979
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Manbiki Shounen [23]
1979
Hiroshi Suzuki [24]
Sheriff
1979
Nintendo (Shigeru Miyamoto )
Damsel in distress
Sheriff
1979
Nintendo (Shigeru Miyamoto )
Online
MUD1
1979
Roy Trubshaw , Richard Bartle
Animated video game cutscene
Pac-Man
1980
Namco (Toru Iwatani )
Power-up
Scrolling open-world video game
Rally-X
1980
Namco
Scrolling video game overworld
Combo
Flash Boy [25] [26]
1981
Data East
Health meter
Hub
005
1981
SEGA
Hub world
Platform jump
Donkey Kong (Nintendo Classic )
1981
Nintendo (Shigeru Miyamoto )
RPG overworld
Ultima
1981
Origin Systems (Richard Garriott )
Dialogue choices
Danchi Tsuma no Yuwaku [27]
1982
Koei (Kou Shibusawa )
Portopia Serial Murder Case [28]
1983
Yuji Horii
Moral decisions [29]
Danchi Tsuma no Yuwaku
1982
Koei (Kou Shibusawa )
Nobunaga's Ambition
1983
Portopia Serial Murder Case [28]
1983
Yuji Horii
Branching narrative
Portopia Serial Murder Case [28]
1983
Yuji Horii
Dialogue trees [30]
Health regeneration
Punch-Out!
1983
Nintendo (Genyo Takeda , Shigeru Miyamoto )
Multiple endings
Portopia Serial Murder Case [28]
1983
Yuji Horii
Nobunaga's Ambition
1983
Koei (Kou Shibusawa )
Video game QTE
Dragon's Lair
1983
Cinematronics
Timed decisions [31]
Albegas [32]
1983
SEGA
Last man standing [33]
Bomberman
1983
Hudson Soft
1990
Fully-scaled open-world video game
Courageous Perseus
1984
Cosmos Computer
Hydlide
1984
T&E Soft (Naito )[34]
Pseudo-3D open-world video game
Gingahyōryū Vifam [35]
1984
Bandai
Elite
1984
David Braben
Fighting game combo
Shanghai Kid [36] [37]
1985
Nihon Game
Activity-based progression
Xanadu: Dragon Slayer II [38]
1985
Nihon Falcom
New Game +
Ghosts 'n Goblins
1985
Capcom
Beat 'em up combo
Kunio-kun
1986
Technōs Japan (Yoshihisa Kishimoto )[39]
Renegade
Graphical online game
Daiva Dr. Amandora , Super Laydock [40]
1986
T&E Soft [41]
Scrolling cover system
Rolling Thunder
1986
Namco
3D open-world video game
Wibarm
1986
Arsys Software (Katsunori Yoshimura )[42]
Star Cruiser
1988
3D cover system
Cabal , Devastators
1988
TAD Corporation ,[43] Konami
Third-person cover system
Deathmatch
Last Survivor [44]
1988
SEGA
Free look
Star Cruiser
1988
Arsys Software (Katsunori Yoshimura )[42]
Motion capture
Reikai Doushi [45]
1988
Magical Company [46]
Prince of Persia
1989
Brøderbund
WASD
Star Cruiser
1988
Arsys Software (Katsunori Yoshimura )[42]
Quake
1996
id Software (John Romero )
Hub building
Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse
1990
SEGA
Hub room
Combo system
Street Fighter II
1991
Capcom (Noritaka Funamizu )
Active time battle (ATB)
Final Fantasy IV
1991
Squaresoft (Hironobu Sakaguchi , Hiroyuki Ito )[47]
Radial menu [48]
Secret of Mana
1993
Squaresoft (Nasir Gebelli , Koichi Ishii )
Headshot
Virtua Cop
1994
SEGA AM2 (Yu Suzuki )
3D motion capture
Virtua Fighter 2
1994
Sega AM2 (Yu Suzuki )
3D polygon cover system
Time Crisis
1995
Namco (Takashi Sano )
First-person cover system
Passive-optical motion capture
Soul Edge
1995
Namco
RPG New Game +
Chrono Trigger
1995
Squaresoft
3D quick-time event [49]
Die Hard Arcade
1996
SEGA (Makoto Uchida )[50]
Shenmue
1999
SEGA AM2 (Yu Suzuki )
Ragdoll physics
Trespasser
1998
Dreamworks Interactive
3D polygon third-person cover system
Metal Gear Solid
1998
Konami (Hideo Kojima )
WinBack
1999
Koei
Ragdoll physics melee combat
The Bouncer [51]
2000
Squaresoft (Takashi Tokita , Hisahiko Takeuchi )
The following table lists electronic game genres by their first appearance.
Genre
Game
Year
Developer
Simulation
Computer Chess
1951
Dietrich Prinz
Strategy
Turn-based strategy (TBS)
Turn-based tactics (TBT)
Strategy video game
Computer Draughts
1952
Christopher Strachey
Sports
Tennis For Two
1958
William Higinbotham
Action
Mini Drive [6]
1959
Kasco (Kenzou Furukawa )
Racing
Driving
3D racing
Scrolling racer
Third-person racing
Vehicle simulation
Action video game
Spacewar!
1962
Steve Russell
Shooter
2D shooter
Vehicle combat
3D action
Periscope [7]
1965
Namco (Masaya Nakamura )[84]
First-person perspective shooter
Light gun shooter
3D shooter
Side-scrolling shooter
Shoot 'em up
3D action (on-screen )
Duck Hunt [8]
1968
SEGA (Hisashi Suzuki )[85]
First-person perspective shooter (on-screen )
Light gun shooter (on-screen )
Shoot 'em up (on-screen )
Racing (on-screen )
Indy 500 [9] [6]
1969
Kasco (Kenzou Furukawa )
Driving (on-screen )
3D racing (on-screen )
First-person racing
Third-person action
Gun Fight [10]
1969
SEGA (Hisashi Suzuki )
3D third-person action
Third-person shooter (TPS)
3D third-person shooter (TPS)
3D shooter (on-screen )
Jet Rocket [11]
1970
SEGA (Hisashi Suzuki )
Action-adventure
3D action-adventure
Flight simulator
First-person shooter (FPS)
Open-world game
Sandbox
Rhythm game
Oh! Mouretsu [6]
1970s ! Early 1970s
Kasco (Kenzou Furukawa )
Light gun shooter video game
Shooting Gallery [55]
1972
Nintendo (Gunpei Yokoi ), Magnavox (Ralph Baer )
Racing video game
Astro Race ,[58] Space Race
1973
Taito , Atari
2D racing
Space flight sim
Adventure game
Wild Gunman [15]
1974
Nintendo
3D adventure game
FMV adventure game
Graphic adventure
Interactive fiction
Interactive movie
Basketball
Basketball [16]
1974
Taito
First-person perspective shooter video game
Balloon Gun [13] [86]
1974
SEGA
Shoot 'em up video game
Driving video game
Speed Race , Gran Trek 10
1974
Taito (Nishikado ), Atari
2D driving
Scrolling racer video game
Speed Race
1974
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Action-adventure video game
Western Gun
1975
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Sandbox video game
Tactical shooter
Computer RPG (CRPG)
Pedit5
1975
Rusty Rutherford
Dungeon crawler
Role-playing video game (RPG)
First-person shooter video game
Interceptor
1975
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Maze War
1975
Steve Colley
Spasim
1975
Jim Bowery
Driving combat
Demolition Derby
1975
Fairchild (Gerald Lawson )
Crashing Race [87] [88]
1976
Taito
Open-world video game
Western Gun
1975
Taito (Nishikado )
Heiankyo Alien
1979
University of Tokyo
Run & gun shooter
Western Gun
1975
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Sheriff
1979
Nintendo (Shigeru Miyamoto )
Real-time strategy (RTS)
Western Gun , Space Tactics [89]
1975, 1980
Taito (Nishikado ), SEGA
Real-time tactics (RTT)
3D action video game
Road Race ,[90] Fonz
1976
SEGA
3D racing video game
Third-person racing video game
Boxing
Heavyweight Champ
Fighting
2D fighting
Versus fighting
Motorbike racing
Fonz [91]
First-person racing video game
Night Driver
1976
Atari
Adventure video game
Colossal Cave Adventure
1977
William Crowther , Don Woods
Text adventure
Scrolling shooter
Bomber [92] [93]
1977
SEGA
Side-scrolling shooter video game
Shmup
Space Invaders
1978
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Fixed shooter
Tower defense
Space Invaders
1978
Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado )
Vermin
1980
Nintendo
Bokosuka Wars [94]
1983
Koji Sumii [95]
Pinball video game
Bomb Bee
1979
Namco
Vertical scrolling shooter
SOS
1979
Namco
Galaxian
Ozma Wars
1979
SNK
3D shooter video game
Radar Scope
1979
Nintendo
Third-person action video game
3D third-person action video game
Third-person shooter video game (TPS)
3D third-person shooter video game (TPS)
Stealth
Manbiki Shounen [23]
1979
Hiroshi Suzuki [24]
3D tactical shooter
Space Tactics [96]
1980
SEGA
First-person tactical shooter
Graphic adventure video game
Mystery House [97]
1980
Sierra Entertainment (Roberta Williams )[98]
Hack & slash
Samurai [99]
1980
SEGA
Open-world driving
Rally-X
1980
Namco
Open-world racing
Platformer
Space Panic
1980
Universal
2D platformer
Stealth action
Lupin III [100]
1980
Taito
Beat 'em up
Samurai ,[99] [101] Kung-Fu Master
1980 , 1984
SEGA , Data East
Endless runner
Jump Bug
1981
Alpha Denshi
Scrolling platformer
Side-scrolling 2D platformer
Roguelike
Rogue
1981
A.I. Design
Stealth action-adventure
005
1981
SEGA
Survival horror
Nostromo [21]
1981
Akira Takiguchi [22]
Survival game
Nostromo [21]
1981
Akira Takiguchi [22]
Panorama Toh [102]
1983
Nihon Falcom (Yoshio Kiya )
Adventure RPG
Dragon & Princess [103]
1982
Koei (Kou Shibusawa )
Japanese RPG (JRPG)
Strategy RPG (SRPG)
Tactical RPG (TRPG)
3D survival horror
Terror House [104]
1982
Bandai
Eroge
Night Life
1982
Koei
Interactive movie video game
Astron Belt [105]
1982
SEGA
3D interactive movie
Isometric shooter
Zaxxon
1982
SEGA
Rail shooter
Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom
1982
SEGA
3D rail shooter
Third-person rail shooter
Metroidvania
Tutankham
1982
Konami
Mr. Do's Castle
1983
Universal
Portopia Serial Murder Case [28]
1983
Yuji Horii
Racing simulation
Pole Position
1982
Namco
TX-1
1983
Tatsumi [106]
3D platformer
Antarctic Adventure
1983
Konami
Action RPG (ARPG)
Panorama Toh [102]
1983
Nihon Falcom (Yoshio Kiya )[107]
Bokosuka Wars [108]
1983
Koji Sumii
Isometric adventure
Congo Bongo
1983
SEGA
Isometric platformer
Open-world action RPG
Panorama Toh [102]
1983
Nihon Falcom (Yoshio Kiya )
Point & click adventure
Star Arthur Densetsu [69]
1983
T&E Soft
Visual novel
Portopia Serial Murder Case [28]
1983
Yuji Horii
Wrestling
Tag Team Wrestling
1983
Technōs Japan
Immersive sim [109]
Portopia Serial Murder Case [28]
1983
Yuji Horii [110]
Hokkaidou Chain Murders [111]
1984
Action RTS (ARTS)
Bokosuka Wars [108]
1983
Koji Sumii
Herzog Zwei [112]
1989
Technosoft
Battle royale [113]
Bomberman
1983
Hudson Soft
1990
3D polygon racing
Plazma Line
1984
Technosoft (Katsunori Yoshimura )[42]
3D polygon first-person racing
3D polygon flight sim
3D polygon space flight sim
Open-world space flight sim
Gingahyōryū Vifam
1984
Bandai
Elite
1984
David Braben
Role-playing shooter (RPS)
The Screamer [114]
1985
Magical Zoo [115]
Survival horror RPG
3D polygon role-playing game
Wibarm
1986
Arsys Software (Katsunori Yoshimura )[42]
3D action RPG
3D role-playing shooter (RPS)
3D polygon third-person shooter (TPS)
Console RPG (CRPG)
Dragon Quest
1986
Chunsoft (Yuji Horii )
3D open-world video game
Wibarm
1986
Arsys Software (Katsunori Yoshimura )[42]
Star Cruiser
1988
3D polygon first-person shooter
Amnork [116]
1986
ASCII
Star Cruiser
1988
Arsys Software (Katsunori Yoshimura )[42]
3D hack & slash
Getsu Fuuma Den [117]
1987
Konami
Rhythm video game
Dance Aerobics
1987
Human Entertainment
First-person role-playing shooter (RPS)
Star Cruiser
1988
Arsys Software (Katsunori Yoshimura )[42]
3D polygon space flight sim
Kart racing
Power Drift
1988
SEGA AM2 (Yu Suzuki )
3D kart racing
3D polygon first-person driving
Winning Run
1988
Namco
MOBA
Herzog Zwei [112]
1989
Technosoft
Dynasty Warriors 2
1997
Koei
Hero shooter [118]
Herzog Zwei [112]
1989
Technosoft
Outtrigger [119]
1999
Sega AM2 (Yu Suzuki )
3D light gun shooter
Galaxian³
1990
Namco
3D polygon rail shooter
3D polygon adventure game
Alice: An Interactive Museum
1991
Toshiba-EMI [120] (Haruhiko Shono )[121]
3D polygon third-person racing
Virtua Racing
1992
SEGA AM2 (Yu Suzuki )
3D polygon survival horror (partial)
Alone in the Dark
1992
Infogrames (Frédérick Raynal )
3D real-time adventure game
The Life Stage: Virtual House [122]
1993
Micro Cabin [123]
3D fighting
Virtua Fighter
1993
SEGA AM2 (Yu Suzuki )
3D polygon hack & slash
King's Field
1994
From Software
3D polygon survival horror (full)
Doctor Hauzer [124]
1994
Riverhill Software [125] (Kenichiro Hayashi )[126]
Soulslike
Monster Hunter
2004
Capcom
Demon's Souls
2009
From Software (Hidetaka Miyazaki )[127]
Concept
Hardware
Year
Developer(s)
Electronic television (TV)
All-electronic television
1924
Kenjiro Takayanagi
Cathode ray tube (CRT) television
Digital circuit
Switching circuit theory
1934
NEC (Akira Nakashima)
Electronic computer
Colossus
1944
Post Office Research Station
Random access memory (RAM)
Magnetic-core memory
1945
Jeffrey Chuan Chu , John Presper Eckert
1949
An Wang , Way-Dong Woo
Color TV
Shadow mask CRT
1950
RCA
Floppy disk
Magnetic Disk Sheet
1950
Tokyo Imperial University (Yoshiro Nakamatsu )
Transistor computer
Manchester Computer
1953
University of Manchester
Optical fiber
A flexible fibrescope
1953
Narinder Singh Kapany
Stored-program transistor computer
ETL Mark III
1954
Electrotechnical Laboratory (Japan )
Optical communication
Fiber-optic communication
1964
Nishizawa Jun-ichi Nishizawa
Online communication
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Toscal BC-1411
1965
Toshiba
Aperture grille CRT
Trinitron
1968
Sony (Susumu Yoshida)
Microprocessor , 4-bit microprocessor
Intel 4004
1968
Sharp [187] (Tadashi Sasaki )
Busicom (Masatoshi Shima )
1969
Intel (Marcian Hoff)
8-bit microprocessor
Intel 8008
1972
Internet
ARPANET
1969
DARPA
Handheld television
IC TV MODEL TR-001
1970
Panasonic
Monochrome LCD
Twisted Nematic LCD
1970
Hoffmann-La Roche
TFT LCD
System for driving LCD device
1970
Canon (J. Kishimoto)
High definition television (HDTV)
MUSE
1970s
NHK
General-purpose microprocessor
Intel 8080
1974
Intel (Masatoshi Shima , Federico Faggin )
Color LCD
Color LCD
1975
Sharp (Shinji Kato, Takaaki Miyazaki)
16-bit microprocessor
Panafacom MN1610
1975
Panafacom (Fujitsu, Fuji Electric, Matsushita)
Compact disc
CD
1976
Sony (Toshitada Doi )
Lithium-ion battery
Lithium-graphite compound
1977
Samar Basu
Lithium battery
1980
Rachid Yazami
Magnetic disk perpendicular recording
Perpendicular recording
1978
Tohoku Institute of Technology (Shun-ichi Iwasaki)
Laserdisc
Laserdisc
1978
MCA DiscoVision
Pioneer
Digital signal processor (DSP)
NEC µPD7720
1980
NEC
Flash memory
NOR /NAND
1980
Toshiba (Fujio Masuoka )
LCD television
Epson TV Watch
1980
Hattori Seiko
Constant Angular Acceleration
CAA
1980 ! Early 1980s
Pioneer
Micro floppy disk
3½-inch floppy disk
1981
Sony
CD-ROM
CD-ROM
1982
Denon , Sony
Monochrome plasma display
IBM 3290
1983
IBM
Laserdisc digital data storage
Laserdisc digital data storage
1984
Sony
Large LCD
Large LCD
1986
Sharp Corporation
Color plasma display
Color plasma display
1989
Fujitsu [188] [189]
Hard drive with glass platter
MK1122FC
1990
Toshiba
Blue LED
Blue LED
1992
Shuji Nakamura
Static DRAM (SDRAM)
Samsung KM48SL2000
1993
Samsung Electronics
DVD
Digital Video Disc
1995
Sony , Toshiba , Panasonic
LED-backlit LCD
Qualia 005
2004
Sony
↑ The History and Theory of Sandbox Gameplay , Gamasutra
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Empire of the Petal Throne , Wikipedia
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman Barker , Wikipedia
↑ Battle Royale (Giant Bomb)
↑ Battle Royale Card Game
↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age (Interview), Classic Videogame Station ODYSSEY , 2001
↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Periscope , Sega Retro
↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Duck Hunt , Sega Retro
↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Indy 500 , Giant Bomb
↑ 10.0 10.1 Gun Fight , Sega Retro
↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Jet Rocket , Sega Retro
↑ 12.0 12.1 Playtron , Giant Bomb
↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Balloon Gun , Sega Retro
↑ Balloon Gun at Museum of the Game
↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Wild Gunman , Giant Bomb
↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Basketball , Giant Bomb
↑ 17.0 17.1 http://shmuplations.com/spaceinvaders/
↑ Jump , Giant Bomb
↑ Destructible Environment , Giant Bomb
↑ Survival , Giant Bomb
↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 AX-2: Uchuu Yusousen Nostromo , Giant Bomb
↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Akira Takiguchi , Giant Bomb
↑ 23.0 23.1 Manbiki Shounen , Giant Bomb
↑ 24.0 24.1 Hiroshi Suzuki , Giant Bomb
↑ Flash Boy , Giant Bomb
↑ John Szczepaniak, History of Japanese Video Games , Kinephanos , ISSN 1916-985X
↑ Danchi Tsuma no Yuwaku , Giant Bomb
↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 Portopia Renzoku Satsujin Jiken , Giant Bomb
↑ Moral Decisions , Giant Bomb
↑ Dialogue Trees , Giant Bomb
↑ Timed Decisions , Giant Bomb
↑ Albegas , Sega Retro
↑ Last Man Standing
↑ Tokihiro Naito , Giant Bomb
↑ Gingahyōryū Vifam , MobyGames
↑ Shanghai Kid , Giant Bomb
↑ Jeff Dunn (December 15, 2012). Of Fists and Fatalities: The history of fighting games . Retrieved on 2015-01-27
↑ Xanadu (Hardcore Gaming 101)
↑ Yoshihisa Kishimoto , Giant Bomb
↑ The LINKS (Network) , MSX Resource Center
↑ T&E Soft , Giant Bomb
↑ 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.03 42.04 42.05 42.06 42.07 42.08 42.09 42.10 42.11 Katsunori Yoshimura , Giant Bomb
↑ TAD Corporation , Giant Bomb
↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Last Survivor
↑ Reikai Doushi , Giant Bomb
↑ Magical Company , Giant Bomb
↑ List of patent family members for US Patent No. 5390937 . espacenet . Retrieved on 17 November 2011
↑ Radial Menu , Giant Bomb
↑ Quick-time event , Giant Bomb
↑ Makoto Uchida , Giant Bomb
↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 The Bouncer , Giant Bomb
↑ 52.0 52.1 Electro-mechanical arcade games , Sega Retro
↑ Missile , Sega Retro
↑ "Text Editing System Using On-Line Real-time Character Recognition", Information Processing in Japan , Volumes 11-14 , Information Processing Society of Japan
↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Shooting Gallery , Giant Bomb
↑ Sea Devil , Sega Retro
↑ Soccer , Giant Bomb
↑ 58.0 58.1 Astro Race at Museum of the Game
↑ 59.0 59.1 Discrete logic arcade games , Sega Retro
↑ 60.0 60.1 Martin Picard (December 2013), The Foundation of Geemu: A Brief History of Early Japanese video games , The International Journal of Computer Game Research 13 (2), Game Studies
↑ Sega Fonz hardware , Sega Retro
↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Motion Control , Giant Bomb
↑ 63.0 63.1 KO Punch , Sega Retro
↑ US4389711A patent: Touch sensitive tablet using force detection
↑ Nintendo Wins Emmy For DS And Wii Engineering | Technology | Sky News . News.sky.com (2008-01-09). Retrieved on 2010-08-30
↑ Magrino, Tom (2008-01-08). CES '08: Nintendo wins second Emmy - News at GameSpot . Gamespot.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-30
↑ Pressure Sensitivity , Giant Bomb
↑ 68.0 68.1 Sega Hang-On hardware , Sega Retro
↑ 69.0 69.1 Star Arthur Densetsu I: Wakusei Mephius , Giant Bomb
↑ Sega Graphic Board , Sega Retro
↑ Sega X Board , Sega Retro
↑ 72.0 72.1 Hands On Throttle-And-Stick
↑ XE-1 AP , Sega Retro
↑ Dempa , Sega Retro
↑ Remote Control System (Sega Retro)
↑ WKK (Sega Retro)
↑ Remote Arcade System (Sega Retro)
↑ Sega Activator , Giant Bomb
↑ Light Harp at CES 1993 . YouTube . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoxsnCiX05k . Retrieved 2010-07-06 .
↑ Horowitz, Ken (2004-08-03). Top 10 Tuesday: Worst Game Controllers . Sega-16 . Archived from the original on 2010-02-06 Retrieved on 2010-12-04
↑ Assaf Gurner , Giant Bomb
↑ neGcon , Giant Bomb
↑ 3D Control Pad , Sega Retro
↑ Masaya Nakamura , Giant Bomb
↑ Hisashi Suzuki , Sega Retro
↑ Balloon Gun at Museum of the Game
↑ Masser, Jeff (2012). A Brief History Of Kart Racing Games . Modojo.
↑ Crashing Race at Museum of the Game
↑ Space Tactics , Sega Retro
↑ 90.0 90.1 Road Race , Sega Retro
↑ Fonz , Sega Retro
↑ 92.0 92.1 Bomber , Sega Retro
↑ 93.0 93.1 Bomber at Museum of the Game
↑ Dru Hill: The Chronicle of Druaga , 1UP
↑ Koji Sumii , Giant Bomb
↑ Space Tactics , Sega Retro
↑ Mystery House , Giant Bomb
↑ Roberta Williams , Giant Bomb
↑ 99.0 99.1 Samurai , Giant Bomb
↑ Lupin III , Giant Bomb
↑ Samurai at Museum of the Game
↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 Panorama Toh , Giant Bomb
↑ The Dragon & Princess , Giant Bomb
↑ Terror House , Giant Bomb
↑ 105.0 105.1 Astron Belt , Sega Retro
↑ Tatsumi , Giant Bomb
↑ Yoshio Kiya , Giant Bomb
↑ 108.0 108.1 Bokosuka Wars , Giant Bomb
↑ Immersive Sim , Giant Bomb
↑ Yuji Horii , Giant Bomb
↑ Hokkaidou Rensa Satsujin: Ohotsuku ni Kiyu!! , Giant Bomb
↑ 112.0 112.1 112.2 Herzog Zwei , Sega Retro
↑ Battle Royale
↑ The Screamer , Giant Bomb
↑ Magical Zoo , Giant Bomb
↑ 116.0 116.1 Amnork (Giant Bomb)
↑ 117.0 117.1 Getsu Fuuma Den , Giant Bomb
↑ Hero Shooter (TV Tropes)
↑ Outtrigger (Sega Retro)
↑ Toshiba-EMI Ltd , Giant Bomb
↑ Haruhiko Shono , Giant Bomb
↑ The Life Stage: Virtual House , Giant Bomb
↑ Micro Cabin , Giant Bomb
↑ Doctor Hauzer , Giant Bomb
↑ Riverhill Software , Giant Bomb
↑ Kenichiro Hayashi , Giant Bomb
↑ Hidetaka Miyazaki (Giant Bomb)
↑ Kasco , Giant Bomb
↑ Kenzou Furukawa , Giant Bomb
↑ 130.0 130.1 Phong Shading , Giant Bomb
↑ Bui Tuong Phong, Illumination of Computer-Generated Images , Department of Computer Science, University of Utah, UTEC-CSs-73-129, July 1973.
↑ Vertical scrolling
↑ Interceptor
↑ sm17005982 - TV GAME MUSEUM TVゲームの歴史 vol 1 タイトー編
↑ Gun Smoke
↑ Bomber , Giant Bomb
↑ brutaldeluxe.fr
↑ PROJECTS AND ARTICLES Retrieving Japanese Apple II programs .
↑ Page flipping
↑ Levy, Steven. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution . O'Reilly Media . p. 263. ISBN 1449393748 . https://books.google.com/books?id=mShXzzKtpmEC&pg=PA263 .
↑ Hitachi Basic Master Level 3 (Old Computer Museum)
↑ Parallax Scrolling , Giant bomb
↑ Turbo , Sega Retro
↑ Steve Hanawa , Sega Retro
↑ Stereoscopic 3D , Giant Bomb
↑ Sega LaserDisc hardware (Sega Retro)
↑ Bega's Battle , Giant Bomb
↑ Extreme Violence , Giant Bomb
↑ Sega X Board (Sega Retro)
↑ Yu Suzuki (Sega Retro)
↑ Over-the-Shoulder
↑ Flat Shading , Giant Bomb
↑ Ray Casting , Giant Bomb
↑ Masaya (Giant Bomb)
↑ 155.0 155.1 Sega Model 1 (Sega Retro)
↑ Sim Drive (Giant Bomb)
↑ Gouraud Shading , Giant Bomb
↑ Hi-Ten Bomberman
↑ 159.0 159.1 159.2 159.3 Sega Model 2 (Sega Retro)
↑ Doctor Hauzer , Giant Bomb
↑ Riverhill Software , Giant Bomb
↑ 162.0 162.1 DF Retro: Sega Nomad - The Original Switch-Style Hybrid Console?
↑ Autostereoscopy , Giant Bomb
↑ Electronic Gaming Monthly , issue 93, April 1997 , page 22
↑ Hisao Oguchi , Sega Retro
↑ Brave Firefighters , Giant Bomb
↑ Takashi Tokita , Giant Bomb
↑ Hisahiko Takeuchi , MobyGames
↑ Depth-of-field , Giant Bomb
↑ Steve Jobs , Giant Bomb
↑ Sega VIC Dual (Sega Retro)
↑ https://segaretro.org/Sega_Master_System
↑ https://segaretro.org/Sega_Master_System/Technical_specifications
↑ https://segaretro.org/Yamaha
↑ Masaya Nakamura , Giant Bomb
↑ Thomas Fine (2008). "The dawn of commercial digital recording" . ARSC Journal 39 (1): 1–17. http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/fine_dawn-of-digital.pdf .
↑ Yamaha , Sega Retro
↑ Chiptune , Giant Bomb
↑ Sharp MZ (Giant Bomb)
↑ Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume 4 (1979)
↑ https://www.giantbomb.com/speech-synthesis/3015-3801/ Speech Synthesis], Giant Bomb
↑ Gaming's most important evolutions , GamesRadar
↑ Manbiki Shoujo , Giant Bomb
↑ Szczepaniak, John (2014). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers . 1 . SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 544–615. ISBN 978-0992926007 .
↑ Hiroshi Suzuki , Giant Bomb
↑ Yamaha , VGM Rips
↑ Sharp Corporation , Giant Bomb
↑ Fujitsu (Giant Bomb)
↑ Fujitsu (Sega Retro)